Ammonia compressors and refrigeration plant

INTRODUCTION

1 This circular gives advice on the precautions to be taken against the toxic, fire and explosion hazards presented by refrigeration systems containing ammonia. These are most likely to be found by LA enforcement officers at cold stores and food distribution warehouses. It applies to the entire system not simply the compressor house. It provides interim advice on matters of concern to enforcement officers pending revision of BS 4434:1980.

2 Appendix 1 outlines the general principles of refrigeration, Appendix 2 gives information on the results of the programme of special visits carried out in 1983 by Factory Inspectorate (F1) to examine present standards in the food industry and Appendix 3 gives detailed guidance on electrical standards. Enforcement officers should not overemphasise the hazards of ammonia compared with other refrigerants.

HAZARDS

Toxicity

3 Ammonia is a chemically reactive gas that is very soluble in water and is much lighter than air (vapour density 0.59 of that of air). Cold vapour (e. g. from leaks) may however be denser than air. Although there have been incidents of exposure to harmful concentrations of ammonia in the UK there have been few fatal accidents. Ammonia is characterised by a typical pungent odour and is detectable by most people at levels of about 50 ppm in the atmosphere. Although workers become tolerant to this effect and in the past have been able to work without distress at levels up to 70 ppm, currently the recommended exposure limit for ammonia is 25 ppm, 8 hour TWA (0.0025%) and the short term exposure limit is 35 ppm, 10 minute TWA. At 400 ppm, most people experience immediate nose and throat irritation, but suffer no permanent ill-effects after 30-60 minute exposure. A level of 700 ppm causes immediate irritation to the eyes, and a level of 1,700 ppm (0.17%) will give rise to repeated coughing and can be fatal after about 30 minutes exposure.

Exposure to concentrations exceeding 5,000 ppm (0.5%) for quite short periods can result in death. Response to the effects of ammonia varies widely between individuals, and the dose-response effects described above are likely to be those experienced by the more susceptible members of the population.

Fire and explosion

4 Ammonia forms a flammable mixture with air at concentrations between 16 and 25% v/v. There have however been very few incentive explosions involving ammonia compressor houses in the UK and all of the reported incidents involved ammonia leakage from plant under maintenance.

Existing guidance

5 Current guidance on the precautions which should be taken with ammonia refrigeration plant may be found in: British Standard 4434: 1980 "Requirements for Refrigeration Safety: Part 1, General". The requirements (particularly from the f ire and explosion standpoint) are similar to those in the earlier (1 969) version. However a' full revision of BS 4434 is taking place.

Precautions

6 Under normal circumstances people will not be able to bear ammonia concentrations at even a fraction of the flammable limit. The appropriate precautions are mainly those applicable against toxic effects in occupied areas and to work where sudden exposures are foreseeable, such as maintenance and repair work, including in particular filling and oil draining. Precautions against fire and explosion will be appropriate however, in unoccupied areas such as compressor houses and unattended plant such as cold stores where accumulations of vapour may go unnoticed.

PRECAUTIONS AGAINST TOXIC RISK

Respiratory protective equipment

7 Any person entering an area in which ammonia vapour is likely to be present at a significant level (eg for rescue or fault-finding purposes) must wear self-contained or airline breathing apparatus. This does not include routine visits to plant rooms etc. A suitable and properly maintained set should be conveniently sited close to, but outside, any area in which high levels of. ammonia vapour might arise. In no circumstances should anyone enter an area where a flammable concentration of gas may be present. Details of suitable apparatus are contained in Form 2501 "Certificate of Approval (Breathing Apparatus)," published annually by HSE. See also Guidance Note GS 5 regarding entry into confined spaces.

8 Suitable respiratory protective equipment must be worn by every person carrying out engineering maintenance work on any system where there is a risk of release of ammonia. Full face canister respirators with type A (blue) canisters give good protection in atmospheres up to 2% concentration or 20,000 ppm, for one hour. Work in such a concentration is likely to lead to discomfort quickly due to skin irritation as ammonia dissolves in perspiration.

A list of suitable equipment is given in form 2502 "Certificate of Approval (Canister Gas Respirators)". For substantial jobs impervious suits may be necessary if the gas cannot be cleared.

9 Everyone who is likely to need to use respiratory protective equipment must be properly trained in its use and must be fully aware of its limitations. The equipment must be maintained, kept clean and examined at least once a month. Appropriate records should be kept. If canister respirators are used there must be an effective system for deciding when the canisters should be renewed.

Evacuation and emergency procedures

10 lt is essential that a clear emergency procedure is drawn up which details the precise duties of all staff and the arrangements for evacuation, rescue, first aid, plant isolation etc. It is particularly important that evacuation procedures are clearly set out and regularly practised where refrigeration systems are in working areas. A common method which may be suitable is to use the fire alarm provided that actuating points are immediately available at working areas. Personnel should be warned not to approach any vapour clouds. (Clouds may often look like steam because of the cooling of the released gas).

11 Adequate exits should be maintained from plant rooms at, all times. Personnel seriously affected by an ammonia escape suffer streaming eyes and violent coughing and rapidly become disorientated. They therefore require clear prior knowledge of a safe exit route.

Training in plant operation and maintenance

12 All personnel involved in the operation and maintenance of the plant must be adequately trained. The training should cover not only general principles of refrigeration but also specific points related to the particular plant. This applies as much to maintenance contractors as to an employer's own staff.

PLANT LOCATION

Plant not designed for outdoor location

13 In the case of standard refrigeration plant (ie plant not specifically designed for outdoor location) exposure to excessively low air temperatures may cause liquefaction of ammonia within the compressor leading to compressor damage, which could be hazardous. This type of plant should therefore be sited in a compressor house using the precautions described in BS 4434:1980 and outlined below. Compressor-houses should, where reasonably practicable, be fitted with explosion relief (eg by using lightweight fragile roof). Where loosely held panels are used as explosion relief, they should be suitably restrained (eg by chains) to prevent them becoming dangerous missiles in the event of an explosion.

14 ln order to facilitate the provision of ventilation and explosion relief, compressor-houses should incorporate at least one external wall. The siting of compressors in confined areas, basements, etc should be avoided wherever practicable. Doors between plant rooms or compressor-houses and other parts of the building should be self-closing and well-fitting.

Plant designed for outdoor location

15 Only plant specifically designed for the conditions should be installed outdoors. Such installations should be sited in a safe position in the open air with, if necessary, weather protection using a Dutch barn type structure which has an evenly distributed minimum open area equivalent to at least 50% of the total wall area.

Plant in workrooms

16 As a general principle the amount of plant containing ammonia situated in workrooms and other populated areas should be minimised. Ancillary plant such as surge drums and liquid pumps should wherever possible be sited away from working areas. Compressors are often noisy and this is another reason for not having them in working areas.

Ventilation

17 Compress or houses should be provided with adequate and suitable ventilation to meet the following requirements:

(1) Normal Ventilation Sufficient permanent ventilation should be provided to prevent build up of toxic concentrations of ammonia from operational leakage (eg from seals, glands etc). It is probable that the redrafted British Standard will insist on mechanical car ventilation rather than rely on rather uncertain natural ventilation.

(2) Emergency ventilation Provision should be made for sufficient mechanical ventilation to prevent flammable ammonia/air mixtures accumulating in the event of reasonably foreseeable plant or operational failure (eg valve failure). In such circumstances the aim should be to keep concentrations below 25% of the lower explosive limit (ie 4%).

18 The ventilation requirements for a particular installation will depend on the type, capacity, operating conditions and location of the plant and may require individual assessment by a ventilation engineer with appropriate expertise. However, the following general points apply:

(1) permanent natural or mechanical ventilation, or a combination of both, may be used for normal or emergency ventilation. Mechanical ventilation initiated by gas detectors or manually (in the case of continuously manned plants) may also be used for emergency ventilation (see para 26); and Appendix 3 for electrical safety of the system;

(2) the ventilation should discharge to a safe place in the open air;

(3) in considering the ventilation to be provided, the potential effects of cold on plant should be taken into account (see para 12);

(4) flow of air through cracks around windows, doors etc, or the opening of windows or doors should not be relied on for ventilation;

(5) the formulae in BS4434 for quantifying ventilation requirements are rules of thumb based on unstated assumptions (eg they take no account of room size or leak rates). Inspectors should advise that the formulae may be used as a basic guide but discretion in their detailed application to a particular plant should be stressed. This is particularly important with very large systems when the ventilation required by the formulae becomes

impracticable; and

(6) it should be noted that the standard of ventilation given by the formulae in BS 4434: 1980 is not intended to deal with prolonged releases from major plant failure. However, the latter is very unlikely to occur in properly designed, constructed and maintained plant. Control of sources of ignition and plant shutdown (see paras 22-26) should also provide protection in such circumstances. Manually operated controls for emergency ventilation should be located in a safe, easily accessible place along with the control or switch for turning off the compressor.

Plant integrity

19 There can be serious corrosion of the low pressure. parts of pipework and plant due to condensation. It can progress unnoticed under lagging which is not effectively vapour sealed and is particularly rapid on plants which run intermittently and pass-through OoC. The general principles relating to the safety of pressure systems are appropriate. The system should be thoroughly examined by a competent person at regular intervals in accordance with a written scheme. There should be an effective maintenance scheme.

Pipework

20 All parts of refrigerating systems and in particular pipework should be positioned or protected to minimise the risk of impact damage, for example by fork lift trucks. Pipework and valves should be clearly marked to indicate their contents and function.

Oil drain system

21 Many of the reported incidents involving ammonia refrigeration systems have been the result of a malfunction of the oil drain system (designed to catch the "carry-over" of oil from the compressors). In most cases oil is drained from below liquid ammonia and is saturated with it. In addition the oil is viscous because it is cold. In order to minimise the risk of escape from this cause the following measures should be advised:

(1) where short distances are involved and adequate observation of the drain is possible oil drain pipes should terminate in a safe location in the open air. Valves on any pipe extension should not introduce the possibility of liquid ammonia being trapped; a bleed valve or hydrostatic relief valve venting to a safe place should be provided in the sections between valves, as appropriate;

(2) a double valve arrangement should be provided at oil drains. In addition to the operational manual valve, there should be an automatic closing spring or weight-loaded valve; and

(3) The use of oil drain catchpots. These are a useful feature on new plant, but existing plant cannot normally be easily modified. Before the oil is drained, the catchpot is isolated from the liquid ammonia/oil feedline and the catchpot is electrically heated to boil off any ammonia which flows as a vapour to the low pressure side of the system. When the catchpot is warm, it is also isolated on the vapour side and the oil is then drained from it.

Ammonia filling point

22 Ammonia filling points should be located in safe, well ventilated positions and, where reasonably practicable, in the open air. Filling points should be sited away from sources of ignition.

PRECAUTIONS AGAINST FIRE AND EXPLOSION RISK

Sources of ignition

23 All likely sources of ignition (naked flames etc) should be eliminated from compressor houses and from the immediate vicinity of externally located plant.

Electrical equipment

24 Guidance on electrical apparatus for use in potentially explosive atmospheres is given in RS 5345: Part 1: 1976 "Code of Practice for the Selection, Installation and Maintenance of Electrical Apparatus for Use in Potentially Explosive Atmospheres, Part 1, Basic Requirements for all Parts of the Code"; BS 4434: 1980, Clause 13 "Electrical Installations". The approaches followed by the above documents differ.

25 As a general principle, electrical equipment should be sited outside the compressor room in a safe location. However, when it is necessarily sited in the room, it should be in accordance with the guidance given in para 27.

26 Where the ammonia compressors and refrigeration plant are located in the same room as the supply switch gear for the-premises relocation would probably be inconvenient and costly. In such cases, Field Consultant Group (FCG) advise on the most suitable safety precautions in the particular case should be sought.

Electrical apparatus selection criteria

27 The use of electrical apparatus in refrigeration plants using ammonia has been considered a special case because of the flammability characteristics of the gas (high LEL and narrow explosive range) and the fact that it can be detected at very low levels by smell. This has resulted in a number of options which may be considered when selecting electrical apparatus for ammonia plants and these are considered in Appendix 3.

OTHER RISKS

28 Refrigeration systems often have associated risks which may require attention, These include the risk of trapping in cold stores and chills, the handling of very cold products and microbiological problems associated with cooling towers used for the condenser.

ENFORCEMENT APPROACH

29 Enforcement officers should advise that ammonia refrigeration plant should comply with the guidance in BS 4434: 1980 as amended and augmented by the information in this circular. They should however bear in mind:

(1) ammonia presents a toxic risk at concentrations far below those at which it presents any fire or explosion risk. There have been 2 gassing fatalities between 1977 and 1983 in the UK but only 3 incentive ammonia/air explosions in the last 20 years;

(2) the potential consequences of an incident in terms of injury to personnel, and the general public should be assessed;

(3) BS4434 was first published in 1969 and was not intended to be retrospective, although improvements in installations which pre-date the standard should be recommended, where reasonably practicable;

(4) analysis of the l983 visits strongly suggest that where poor conditions of the plant are found there is often inadequate attention to evacuation and emergency action; and

(5) where enforcement officers encounter maintenance contractors they should make enquiries about their working practices and training.

Further advice

30 This is a complicated technical subject and there are strong trade pressure groups. Enforcement officers are recommended to seek the advice of HSEs Field Consultant Group (FCG) via the Local Enforcement Liaison Officer (ELO), before considering enforcement action.

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Ammonia is used as a refrigerant because of particular thermodynamic properties which enable it to move heat far more efficiently than other refrigerant gases such as halogenated hydrocarbons. It is particularly suited to working in the range approximately OoC to -30oC and hence is widely used for food preservation, the chilling of liquids such as milk, beer and soft drinks, and in the chemical industry. New systems continue to be installed.

2. A simple system theoretically needs 4 components:

(1) evaporator;

(2) compressor;

(3) condenser; and

(4) reducing valve

In practice other components such as oil separator, intercooler, liquid receiver, surge drum and liquid pumps are often found.

3 The useful refrigeration is produced at the evaporator. Liquid ammonia at low pressure, and hence low temperature, takes in heat by vaporising. This vapour is removed by the compressor which, in compressing it, raises the temperature from below to above ambient. The hot compressed gas gives up the heat by condensing to a liquid in the condenser. The high pressure liquid then passes through the pressure reducing valve to the evaporator. At the valve the liquid is cooled as some vapour flashes off. The remaining liquid is available for use in the evaporator.

4 In a practical system it is likely there will be other items of plant. An oil separator removes suspended oil carried over from the compressor and either returns it to the (pressurised) crank-case or holds it for draining in some way. There may be a multi-stage compressor with an intercooler. This is cooled by bleeding high pressure liquid into the low pressure side.

Downstream of the condenser is generally a liquid receiver. Downstream of the reducing valve is often found a surge drum which acts as a reservoir of cold liquid and evens out demand on the compressor and condenser. The liquid ammonia is drawn from the surge drum by a pump. Oil drains may be found on surge drums, liquid receivers, and elsewhere on large plants. There is also likely to be an automatic control system on all but the oldest and smallest plants.

A simple practical refrigeration system

1 The aim was to collect information about a cross section of installations. One hundred and forty eight returns were used in the analysis which used the Edinburgh FCG microcomputer.

2 Returns covered a wide range of processes in the food and drinks industries. The largest single sector was dairying (chilled water supply) with substantial returns also from frozen food producers and cold stores. In the drinks sector cooling and soft drinks carbonators were the principal uses.

There were a wide range of other uses reported; most parts of the food industry require controlled temperatures below ambient at some part of their process. A wide range of sizes of installations from 45 kg to 45 tonne chargeweight were reported, 13% were over 5 tonnes, 40% between 1 and 5 tonnes, 35% between 100kg and 1 tonne and 12% 1 00 kg or below.

The oldest component reported was pre-war and there was a fairly even spread of age from 1960 to the present.

3 Eighty-nine per cent of installations had a separate compressor room. Forty-nine percent had the system charging point in the compressor room and 38% had it outdoors. Twenty-seven per cent of the sample could positively be identified as having doors to the outside of the building only. Thirty-six per cent of the other compressor rooms did not have self-closing doors and 17% did not have well-fitting doors. With compressors in a separate room this is a surprisingly large number where even the most rudimentary precautions to prevent the spread of escaping gas has not been taken. Fifty-five per cent had condensers mounted above ground level outside - typically on the roof.

This raises questions of safe access and also escape in the event of an emergency.

4 Thirty-six percent, had the evaporator in the workroom. (These were usually product freezers in the frozen food sector and carbonators at the soft drinks plants). This points to the need for effective emergency procedures in the event of leakage, particularly if it is in the workroom.

5 Only 3% of installations were identified as having pipework or plant capable of being damaged by, for example, fork lift trucks. Half of the entire survey however had unmarked pipework. (Notes of many proformas suggested that this would receive early attention).

6 lt proved impossible to carryout meaningful analysis of the ventilation provided in compressor rooms. A common installation seemed to rely largely on natural ventilation (perhaps assisted by a small fan) for normal ventilation. Where there was provision of ventilation specifically for emergencies, it tended to be a separate system rather than a 2 speed fan on the normal ventilating system. Only 23% of the installations had 2 ventilation rates available and only half the ventilation systems of any kind could be controlled from outside the compressor room. Only half of these ventilation systems were automatically controlled.

7 Only 16% of all system charging was done by a person on his own; the usual arrangement was 2 men. Oil draining was done by one man on his own at 30% of all Installations. At 51 % of all installations it was carried out more than once a month. Only 26% of installations had spring-loaded valves or a catchpot system at oil drains. Most of the rest had simply a short stub of pipe from a vessel containing liquid ammonia closed by a single valve. In 71 % of cases where the oil drain was unsatisfactory inspectors considered that the reasonably practicable improvement was the fitting of self-closing valves. The 30% of installations where one man did the oil draining on his own included 6 which had no respirator of any kind.

8 Forty-two per cent of compressor houses had no gas detectors. Sieger was by far the most common supplier (60%) of all detection systems. The most common service period of twice per year reflects that company's normal service contract. Nineteen per cent of detector systems were never checked.

Approximately half of the detector installations only had one operating level.

Twenty-seven per cent of systems did not shut down the plant but merely raised the alarm. Ten per cent of the systems had no separate alarm.

9 Sixty-six percent of compressor room electrical installations were not fully equipped to Zone 2 standard even where much of the plant was under the control of detectors. Seventy-five per cent of all compressor installations could be switched off elsewhere outside the compressor room (even if only at the main supply). Of the remainder, the main switchgear was either in the compressor room or access to it was through the compressor room.

10 Eighty-eight percent of all sites had 2 or more sets of respiratory protection of some kind. Six installations (4%) had none at all. At 83% of sites there was said to be some sort of training in the use of respiratory protection but only 43% had some sort of systematic examination. At only 5 installations (3.4%) were there possible limitations of space which conflicted with provision of respiratory protection and the main problem seemed to be access up ladders or around congested items of plant.

11 Forty-seven per cent of sites had reviving apparatus available usually for general first aid rather than specifically because of the ammonia.

12 Twenty-seven percent of sites had Draeger (or similar) detector tubes for measuring low concentrations of ammonia. Many others had sulphur sticks or hydrochloric acid for detecting small leaks.

13 Fifty-nine percent of installations were maintained at least partly by contractors. Apart from a few major suppliers and installers of equipment there were many local refrigeration engineers who only appeared once or twice in the survey. No information is available about the standard of training or workmanship of these contractors.

14 Fifty-five percent of all sites appeared to have emergency evacuation procedures (43% used the fire alarm) but slightly fewer (50%) appeared to give any training in these procedures. Only 24% appeared to have detailed rescue arrangements. Twenty-two per cent had written systems of work which appeared comprehensive and only 34% had what appeared to be effective plant operator training.

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APPENDIX 3 (paras 1 and 26)

PROTECTION OF ELECTRICAL APPARATUS AT AMMONIA COMPRESSORS AND REFRIGERATION PLANT

EXTERNALLY SITED PLANT

1 Compressors and refrigeration plant sited in out door locations in accordance with para 14 of this Circular in otherwise non-hazardous areas will not normally require specially protected electrical equipment.

INTERNALLY SITED PLANT

2 A flow chart of the basic requirements relating to the electrical apparatus for internally sited plant is given in the supplement to this appendix. The operational approaches are given below.

Option 1 - Use of explosion protected electrical apparatus

3 Hazardous area classification should be carried out by a competent person. Electrical apparatus should then be selected in accordance with BS 5345: Part 1: 1976 Section 2. The majority of compressor-houses should be regarded as Zone 2 areas. Type "N" explosion protected equipment (including any emergency ventilation fans) will be suitable for these locations.

Option 2 - Detection of leaks by personnel or gas detectors

4 ln this approach, non-explosion protected electrical apparatus, with qualifications, may be used in combination with a readily available means of isolating the electricity supply. The method of achieving the latter can be accomplished either automatically after detection of a leakage by a gas detector system, or manually after a leakage has been detected by personnel. The use of these techniques as a first line of defence is limited to applications solely involving ammonia in refrigeration plants. This approach is considered acceptable provided that the general principles outlined in paras 10-17 are followed and that sufficient account is taken of paras 5-9.

Gas detectors

5 The detectors should be suitably positioned taking into account the physical characteristics of the plant room, the pattern of airflow movement in it and the most likely sources of potential leakage. Due regard should be paid to any dead pockets or recesses. Experience has shown that, in certain circumstances, it is possible for cold ammonia vapour to stratify initially at low levels. Unless the occupier has adequate expertise within his own organisation, it would be advisable for him to consult a firm which specialises in the design and installation of gas detection systems.

6 As a rough guide only, one might expect to see detectors in the vicinity of the compressors and other non-static items of plant and at ceiling level where one detector per 36M2 of ceiling area would probably be sufficient, although more may be necessary if there are deep beams creating recesses. The objective is to ensure that the ammonia is detected and the apparatus rendered safe before flammable concentrations reach a source of ignition.

(This objective, which is also applicable to "detection" of a leak by personnel, is particularly critical with regard to electrical apparatus which is not specially designed to be non-sparking, non explosion-protected electrical apparatus and electrical apparatus with temperatures above 630'C).

7 The detectors should be suitably explosion protected.

8 The detectors used are of the "pellistor" type and may be subject to poisoning by airborne contaminants. They should therefore be properly installed and maintained and regularly checked. The operation of the detectors should be checked using standard ammonia gas mixtures. Certain V-belt dressings containing antimony have been shown to poison detectors and gradually reduce their response.

9 The detectors should be capable of detecting concentrations of ammonia at 1 % v/v or less.

Associated electrical apparatus

10 Account should be taken of the electrical control system circuitry and the maximum possible degree of failure to safety should be achieved, so far as is reasonably practicable. General guidance is contained in BS 5304:

1975 "Safeguarding of Machinery" Section 6.

11 The isolating device(s), whether manually or automatically operated, which cuts off the electricity supply to the ammonia plant room, should be located in a non-hazardous area. It can be either a contractor or circuit breaker. If the criteria in paras 5-9 above have been satisfied, the following recommendations in paras 13-17 should be adopted. (Although certain specific details have been taken from BS 4434:1980, by way of example, they are intended to indicate the general principles of this approach and not specific requirements - which will have, to be determined in each particular case).

12 Attention will need to be paid to the control of other circuits which enter the plant room and are not directly associated with the plant, eg socket outlets for portable tools.

Continuously manned rooms

13 Isolation of all electrical circuits should be effected by isolating devices located in a non-hazardous area. These devices should be controlled by push buttons immediately outside the plant room, or controlled by a gas detection system as described pare 14, and arranged to give visual and audible alarms to switch on equipment for emergency ventilation and/or emergency lighting (if installed). Any electrical apparatus that is required to operate in the room after a leakage has been detected, such as ventilation equipment and emergency lighting, should be suitably protected for the hazardous area in which it is sited, ie Zone 2. Few compressor rooms are continuously manned. Detection of leakage by operators is only reliable if they are continuously present in the room. If for example they have other duties, or leave the area for meals etc, or use an isolated noise refuge then the speed of response is likely to be substantially slower than that of automatic detectors.

Unmanned plant rooms

14 lsolation of all electrical circuits should be effected by isolating devices located in a non-hazardous area and controlled by one or more suitable ammonia gas detectors which should also be arranged to give a visual and audible alarm and to switch on equipment for ventilation and/or emergency lighting, if installed. The ventilation air should be discharged to the outside of the building in such a manner as not to cause distress or danger to persons in the vicinity of the building. Circuit isolation should be effected at ammonia concentrations below 25% LEL and an alarm setting of 1.5% v/v followed by circuit isolation at 3% v/v is suggested.

15 Maintenance personnel are required to enter unmanned plant rooms and adequate means of escape should be provided.

16 Personal protection including breathing apparatus, and possibly impervious suits, may be needed in any room or space if maintenance men are likely to dismantle pipework or do any other operation liable to release liquid ammonia or substantial quantities of gas.

Unmanned plant rooms linked to a continuously manned control room

17 ln certain applications, (eg chemical plant), sudden loss of cooling facilities caused by automatic shut-down of a refrigeration plant might possibly create a hazard. It is unlikely that this situation will ever arise in any premises in the JA sector of enforcement. In these circumstances isolation of the electrical equipment by manual intervention may be acceptable, provided that the detector/alarm system is directly linked to a continuously manned control room. Other actions initiated by the detector such as the operation of emergency ventilation may still be feasible. Acceptance of this procedure, when automatic plant shut-down has been shown to be not reasonably practicable, will also require that:

(1) the alarm arrangement and monitoring of the alarms (ie the manning of the control rooms) is satisfactory;

(2) suitable isolation facilities for the compressor and unprotected electrical equipment are available in a safe place; and

(3) as a safe system of work is provided for entry into the compressor room and for the overall assessment of the potential hazard and any other necessary action (eg plant isolation). (see paras 6-8 of this circular for personal protection).

How-to pick the perfect destination for your wedding

A destination wedding is a wedding that takes place in a location that is not home to either the bride or the groom or their families. Couples may choose a location that they have always wanted to visit for the location of their destination wedding. The couple may also opt to have their wedding in the location of their honeymoon so that there honeymoon will start immediately after the wedding. There are certain advantages and disadvantages to having a destination wedding. One of the most defining advantages is the ability to have a wedding in a beautiful and exotic location. Another advantage to a destination wedding is that if you choose to honeymoon in the same location you will first of all already be at your honeymoon location at the conclusion of the wedding and furthermore you will likely receive a discount on your honeymoon stay because you have already had your wedding at the location. One of the distinct disadvantages of a destination wedding is that the planning process can be difficult and that you are often unable to fully enjoy the planning process.

Another disadvantage to destination weddings is that they are typically not well attended due to the fact that travel is expensive. A destination wedding can be used as the opportunity to enjoy a long weekend with close friends in a convenient location. The following are a few tips for turning your destination wedding into a fun-filed extended weekend for your guests.

The location of your wedding can play a key role in the style of your wedding. Some couples opt for a ceremony at a church followed by a reception at a catering hall while others may wish to hold the ceremony outdoors but have a reception at an indoor location. Still others choose to hold both the ceremony and the reception at a catering hall. Whichever option you choose for your wedding it is important to ensure that the location you choose has all of the elements that you were seeking in a wedding location such as ambiance, seating capacity, a dance floor or anything else that you require.

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Maximum occupancy is another important consideration when choosing the perfect wedding location. While you may really like the intimacy that a quaint location that seats only 50 guests affords, this is not a feasible option for a couple who has invited over 300 guests to their wedding. Likewise a large reception space that is capable of seating 500 people is not a good option for a couple who is planning a small wedding with only a handful of close friends and family members. It is important to choose a wedding location that is capable of accommodating the number of guests that you have invited without being large enough to accommodate almost twice as many people that you have invited. Choosing a venue that is either too small or too big is not feasible because a venue that is too small will be cramped and may not fit all of your guests while a venue that is too big will be a waste of money because large spaces often include a minimum number of guest required and you may wind up paying for more guest than you actually have in attendance.

New York City is still another popular destination wedding location. Guests who travel to a destination wedding in New York City have a variety of activities to choose from while they are vacationing. Museums, plays, operas and sporting events are just a few of the available activities that guests may choose to partake in. Besides these activities, New York City also has some of the best people watching available in the world. The city is literally teeming with interesting characters that delight visitors with their idiosyncrasies. Additionally there are many nightclubs and restaurants that are definitely worth trying.

Choosing the perfect location for your wedding may seem like an impossible task especially if you live in an area that has a number of options. Setting strict criteria for evaluating locations can save you a lot of time and effort. Only visiting venues that meet these criteria will greatly reduce the number of locations that you need to visit.

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Why you do not have "killer abs" or that "6 pack" Abdominal Muscles?

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You may not like what I am going to give to you straight in the face here. But I will give it to you anyway. So here it goes. Listen up carefully. You may do a zillion crunches a day, then another another million leg raisers , but as long as there is a layer of fat covering your tummy, you will never see your abs because it is covered by the blubber of fat. In fact, your waistline will become bigger because you are adding muscles underneath the fats! So instead of having a slim waistline and showing off your abs, you will have a bigger waistline and thicker love handles. Now get this straight. There is no such thing as spot reduction! Once the fats are off, your abs will show. That I promise you. It is just that simple to display your abs. Lose fats! That's all.

Late night TV commercials or magazines has been telling you that you can have well defined abs by using this gadget or that electronic gizmo. Do you really believe that it is that simple? If it is so, then everyone will have that six pack abs in no time, won't they? Then why isn't that so? Because it doesn't work that way.

To lose fat effectively and permanently for your abdominal muscles to show, you must include a mildly deficit calorie restriction diet, frequent cardio workouts and strength training with weights to build muscle so as to raise your metabolism in order to lose weight and burn fat naturally. Your weight loss goals will not be achieved effectively or permanently when any one of the three elements is done wrongly or not even incorporated in your slimming program. I repeat the three elements again :-

a) A mildly caloric deficit diet - A mildly caloric deficit diet to help you lose weight.

b) Frequent cardio workouts - Frequent cardio workout to exercise your heart and lungs and burn fat at the same time.

c) Weight Lifting to build muscles - Build muscles to burn fat permanently as muscles use up more calories from your food for energy. Lifting weights will also give you a well toned body and help your abs to show.

Forget about any fad diets or popping slimming pills . These may work initially but in the long run, they are bound to fail.

Golf travel cases protecting your valuable equipment

Protection for your golf clubs should be in your priority when you are on a golf vacation. Quality golf clubs can cost more than a $1000. Sure you can purchase insurance to cover your loss or damage but new clubs will not have the same feel as your present set. A quality golf travel case would be also be good insurance a great safeguard for your golf equipment. Mobility, security, material, wheels, warranty and prices are some of the factors you should take into consideration in picking and choosing your golf travel case.

As distinguished from a travel bag, travel cases are cases where you put your regular golf bag. There are two kinds of golf equipment travel cases. They are classified either as hard sided or soft sided cases. Travel bags are generally heavy bags specifically designed for travel.

Choosing whether having a hard case or a softer padded model depends on what kind of transport you usually ride. Hard travel cases are typically recommended for those who normally travel by air. Airlines often require size and weight requisites for your checked baggage. You would normally have to sign a waiver if your golf clubs are in a soft sided case.

When traveling, it is good to have a travel case. You don’t need to transfer all your golf equipment from your regular golf bag to the travel bag each time you go out of town. You just have to put your golf bag, with all you golf gear in your travel case.

You should also think about what material is used in your golf travel case. Hard cases made of rotationally molded polyethylene would give your equipment maximum protection. They are more durable than cases made from other materials. This material also provides maximum longevity to your golf case.

Hard rubber wheels are much more preferred than those made of plastic. Plastic wheels crack easily when you have too much weight on your luggage. Naturally, you would want your wheels to be quiet and roll easily and smoothly. They should also have resistance from hard impacts.

Transporting your luggage here and there would definitely be damaging to your equipment. Rough handling may undermine the quality of your golf clubs. Locks and latches of your golf case should be made of industrial strength steel. For hard sided cases, they should also be secured with high quality rivets. See also if the travel case you are buying has enough protection for your clubs. Notice if there is adequate foam padding for the club heads.

Warranty is also an important thing to consider. Protection does not have to be limited on those things you put in your travel case. It would be better if your golf case is also protected from defects in materials and craftsmanship. You should decide on which manufacturer offers the best guarantee of their products. Bear in mind that most soft sided cases do not come with any warranty.

Prices have to be considered. There is a wide range of golf travel cases to choose from. You should expect to pay more than $150 for adequate hard sided case. Soft sided cases do not cost as much as hard sided cases but can still cost more than $100. You should be cautious about how much money you are paying and is it worth the protection you are getting. The higher costs of name branded products do not always equate to more protection of your equipment.

All bones about it new treatment for gvhd

Bone marrow transplant surgery is often seen as one of the brightest lights in the dark cloud of cancer care. The procedure has been one of the most effective counter-measures to the spread of cancer throughout a body, and has the distinction of being one of the less time-consuming approaches to cancer treatment. However, recent studies and discoveries have shown that bone marrow transplant surgery may is not as rosy and shiny as once thought, with news of side effects and possible complications emerging from the woodwork. For one thing, the transplanted cells can occasionally attack the new host body, causing damage to cell structure, the skin, and internal organs.

This particular effect, known as Graft-Versus-Host Disease (GVHD), has been known to strike several transplant patients every year. The frequency and the severity of the problem have given it the distinction of being the premier problem faced by people who undergo bone marrow transplant surgery. This occurs when the transplanted bone marrow carries active immune cells with it. These cells the proceed to attack the host body, believing it to be a foreign entity. There are procedures in place to help prevent the problem, but as with all surgical procedures involving transplants, the possibility of contamination is always present and can only be minimized.

The best known way to help alleviate the problems caused by this would be the use of a steroid known as prednisone, usually lasting for several weeks. The medication is designed specifically to suppress the immune cells and reduce the inflammation and damage that they can cause, usually just long enough for the cells to acclimate to the host body. The steroid is known to be effective in alleviating the problems caused by GVHD, but there are other factors to be considered. Long-term use of the drug has a list of known psychoactive effects, such as violent mood swings. There are also more severe side effects, such as possible muscle and bone deterioration, which can be fatal in certain situations. In such cases, doctors are often forced to prescribe other steroids to alleviate the effects of predsinone.

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recently passed a motion to prevent a drug called orBec from being released to the market. According to the manufacturers of the drug, it was designed as an alternative to predsinone, being that it could alleviate the problems caused by GVHD but did not have the same level of toxicity. However, the FDA apparently found something objectionable about the drug and decided to keep it from entering the market in lieu of further testing. The drug was redesigned from a steroid often used by asthma patients, allowing for alleviation of symptoms without suppressing the body's immune system. However, the FDA has ruled that further testing needs to be conducted to determine whether or not there are any harmful side effects.

For the time being, there are several hospitals that have signed up to test the medication on their patients. Doctors are also reportedly quite eager to get their hands on the experimental drug, if only because it could ease the burdens of their patients. The constant prescribing of steroids due to GVHD can easily open up a new range of complications that the use of orBec might help avoid.

Strengthen your core for golf using a fitness ball

Some call it a Swiss Ball, some call it a fitness ball, others use the more modern term ‘stability ball.’ Whatever you call it, the stability ball has been used in exercise and rehabilitation for years and has recently been adopted by personal trainers and fitness instructors for use in strength training and muscle development, especially when it comes to exercises designed to strengthen the core muscles.

The American Council on Exercise (ACE) says that core strength is important because the muscles of the lower back and abdomen serve as a solid foundation for nearly all bodily activities, movement, and posture. Incorporation of the stability ball into an exercise routine helps to further strengthen core muscles due to the continuous adjustments that the body’s muscles must make to remain stable on the ball.

Use of the stability ball has become fairly common is core-based exercises like crunches, but many trainers have discovered benefits of using the ball in other exercises as well. It can even be used in non exercise settings to help strengthen core muscles. Reebok University Education manager Lisa Wheeler recently told CNN correspondent Kat Carney that stability balls can even be used by office workers. Replacing the desk chair with a stability ball can lead to strengthening the core muscles while simply sitting at one’s desk.

A stronger core can benefit anyone, but golfers in particular will see benefits from the increase in core strength and stability, leading to longer drives, and better posture and balance. If you want to improve your core, get on the ball!

Third world debt - a solution

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Let's not pretend that third world debt is about wise investment of borrowed money in order to develop a country's economy more quickly. If it were so, the countries which borrowed the most would be the ones doing well. Without getting into statistics, I'll just point out that debt is more often hurting these economies than helping them. Debt is there, though, so what can be done about it?

Third World Debt Renunciation

To suggest that countries should renounce their debt may sound too radical at first, but not once you understand the nature of international debt. With the guise of helping to develop a country's resources, the world bank or various governments loan money to a third world government. Lenders usually don't want just to make interest, but also to develop something that will benefit them, like oil or lumber resources they need. Also, it is commonly expected that companies from the lending countries will get large contracts for various development projects.

Of course, the corrupt government that receives the loan has it's own ideas about what to do with the money. Altogether, many corrupt officials, lending institutions, governments and companies make money, while little real benefit trickles down to the people of the borrowing country. The scoundrels are long gone when the next government has to deal with the growing debt.

Then the lending countries, international monetary fund or world bank step in to renegotiate the debt. They'll even loan more money to alleviate a "crisis." The new deal comes with rules, of course. The borrowing country may have to tax the people more heavily, or encourage "cash" crops that can be sold to pay the debt, instead of food crops to feed the people.

Third World Debt Relief

Consider this for a moment. A corrupt, often non-democratically elected government borrows money for their own purposes, and it is assumed that the citizens have an obligation to repay the money. Now, if I borrow money in your name, would you feel obligated to pay? Of course not!

A new solution: When a new government comes to power in any of these debt-ridden third world countries, they should renounce all foreign debt, and stop making payments at once. Neither they nor the people who actually are taxed to pay it have any obligation to do so. This should be announced as a moral decision to stop forcing people to pay fr debt they did not incur. Taking the moral high ground will reshape the whole debate.

Many will argue that any country which does this won't be able to borrow again for a long time. Since debt has been more of a problem, and not the solution to their economic woes, this is a great benefit, isn't it? Let's make sure no one will lend to future corrupt governments and leave the people burdened with debt!

Of course, debt is good when the money is used wisely. While renouncing past debts, the new government can stabilize expenditures and create a market system in which money will be comfortably lent to many individual companies within the country. The resulting economic growth will provide the future tax base for public works. Letting the world lend to value-producing companies instead of to inevitably corrupt governments will go a long way towards solving the problems of third world debt.

Online videos - the visual way of marketing on the net

With video technology, communication can now be a totally different experience. This article discusses the many ways by which video technology can be used in internet marketing.

Almost every form of interaction one experiences everyday entails communication. It is through communication that we are able to understand others, learn new ideas, explore new wisdom, and express our own feelings and thoughts. Over the passage of many years, communication has evolved from a simple system of sounds in the ancient times to a very advanced feature of video technology.

Video technology’s use in internet marketing is also a rapidly rising trend these days. Here’s how you can be in on this trend to boost your web presence.

--- Using Videos for Internet Marketing ---

1. Video Email Marketing Campaigns

People’s attention span has decreased with the increasing saturation of information in the internet. People only have only a few seconds to spare for communication and information that do not interest them. The challenge to internet marketers, therefore, lies in catching hold of the customers’ interests for more than a few seconds, or getting the message across in as short a period of time as possible.

Video emails make the latter possible. For a few seconds of video, people can be told about your wonderful product or service. Now, people won’t have to read reams and reams of your ad copy. They only need to spare a few seconds of their time to view your video pitch.

Video emails are also more effective than emailed copy because videos are much more stimulating and engaging. You can also demonstrate your product’s effectiveness in video – something that you cannot do with text copy which allows only descriptions, not demonstrations.

With the current developments in video streaming, video emails have also never been easier to use. Your target consumers won’t have to download the video to watch them. You need only include a preview clip with the email and this clip, when clicked, will connect the viewer to the video server which can stream the video live to your consumer’s media player.

2. Videos in your website and online blogs

The brain becomes more engaged with multimedia displays and content. Therefore, you should be sure to incorporate videos in your website and online blogs. Your videos online can be lengthier and more detailed than the video emails that you have sent to your target consumers’ inbox.

Through video infomercials and updates, you can get your message across much faster and you can be more easily remembered by your site’s and your blog’s visitors. Moreover, if you provide tags and codes with your video, your website visitors can easily copy the video content to their own blogs and personal websites. This will increase your business’ reach.

3. Video Blogging

Now this is the most practical application of video technology today in internet marketing. YouTube is a huge community of people who love watching and referring videos. In fact, YouTube has become so popular that Google even purchased it from its original owners. Major broadcasting companies have also agreed to supply YouTube with video content from shows that they wish to promote online.

All you will need to do is become a member of this enormous community of video lovers and post you own interesting videos. You can post your company infomercials, if you want. However, for more effective marketing, you’d better make your videos more interesting and captivating. Your video clip should have value beyond your marketing pitch so people will be more inclined to pass it on to others.

Aluminum blinds durable and available in a wide array of colors

If you want durability in window coverings, aluminum blinds will give you the peace of mind you crave. They do give you the special ambiance you want for every room of your home and you can color coordinate the blinds with the dйcor. Aluminum blinds are manufactured with this in mind as well as the fact that people want something that will last. When you purchase blinds, you have a choice of vertical blinds, mini blinds and Venetian blinds in the aluminum line. Aluminum blinds look just as good in a formal dining room as they do to the window of a rec room in the basement.

Although aluminum blinds are more expensive than vinyl, they are cheaper than wooden blinds. You can have aluminum mini blinds with a 1 inch slat or aluminum Venetian blinds with slats 2 or 3 inches wide. If you shop at Hunter Douglas for aluminum window blinds, you will have 129 colors to choose from and several different levels of privacy. If you just want reduced light, then you can have aluminum material in blinds that will permit some light to come through, while blocking the glare. You can also have these blinds in styles that give you complete privacy when you have them lowered.

You don’t have to worry about not being able to put aluminum blinds to specialty cut windows. You can easily have aluminum mini blinds made to order to fit bay and corner windows and even arched or round windows. Along with using the standard cord to raise and lower aluminum Venetian and mini blinds, you can also have a battery operated tilt feature to the blinds. This feature is wireless, which makes installation of the blinds relatively easy. The motor is quiet, yet powerful and the 6 channel remote control can operate up to 6 window blinds as long as they are within 50 feet of the control.

Aluminum blinds offer good energy efficiency. Blinds with this rating resist heat loss through the window during cold seasons, yet provide the shade you need when the sun’s blinds rays are strongest. With aluminum mini blinds and Venetian blinds you can also order for your windows with a high rating for UV absorption as well as forming a sound barrier. If you need to cover large windows, the Venetian blinds with the larger aluminum slats are the best ones to use. The steel head rail is rolled so that when the blinds are raised they are hidden within the head rail, although you can set them at any level on the window.

The color choices in the line of aluminum blinds include solids, metallic and matte, which has a low gloss finish. These mini blinds and Venetian blinds provide the perfect dressing for any window. Install them within the confines of the window facings so you have the wood of the window exposed or use them with toppers and valances for a coordinated look. Whatever look you wish to achieve in a room, aluminum blinds will help you do it.

Dell inspiron 600m notebook computer

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After twelve years of owning desktop computers, I finally opted for a laptop so I would no longer be chained to my desk. After months of research and weighing various makes and models, I settled on the Dell Inspiron 600m Notebook Computer. This particular model has exceeded all of my expectations and at a price that is hundreds of dollars lower than many competing brands.

For several months I agonized over my next computer purchase. I knew I needed to be more mobile and only a notebook computer would permit me to take my "show on the road." Still, the decision making process was not easy as the number of different makes and models out there is mind boggling. Ultimately, I settled on a Dell in part because of previous good experience with the company as well as affordability of their product line.

The model I chose was the Inspiron 600m. As with almost everything that Dell builds, it is a "new" model; at least the 600m designation is. That is one of the confusing things about Dell and some other manufacturers: every month Dell introduces new models and you need a scorecard to compare one model with all the others. Fortunately, Dell's website allows you to do just that.

Key features of the Inspiron 600m include:

Lightweight: Just over five pounds.

Mobile Centrino Technology is standard.

14.1 inch screen

Pentium M 725 Processor

24X CD Burner/DVD Combo Drive

256MB DDR SDRAM 1 Dimm Memory

Wireless Network Card

Extended Battery

Microsoft Windows XP Home Addition

WordPerfect Productivity Pack

I kept my computer fairly basic but I did opt for the latest version of Norton Security, a surge protected cable, a wirless router, and a wireless mouse. I selected the wireless mouse as I thought the keyboard's mouse would be difficult to use. After two days I quit using the wireless mouse as I quickly got used to the built in one.

The screen is bright and the keyboard is solid. The mouse keys, however are noisy, almost clunky; you wonder if Dell could have used a quieter spring for each key.

The battery lasts at least four hours without recharging and when I do need to recharge I can go from nearly dead to fully charged in less than one hour.

For the price -- I paid just over $1100. for everything including shipping and local taxes -- the Dell cannot be beat. I haven't had to call customer service yet, so I cannot comment on that although in years past your call would be routed to a technician in India. This model comes with a standard one year limited warranty; I avoided a later sales pitch over the phone to get a three year warranty. Their top of the line warranty sends a technician to your house to fix your computer, so it can be option for those of you who do not want to ship -- and thereby lose the use of -- your computer back to Dell for repairs.

You will find the Inspiron 600m to be adequate for standard business work. Check out their myriad of other models if you do plenty of graphic design or if you need a larger screen. I am happy with the 14.1 screen, but you may prefer their 17" model.

The image of ms

What does multiple sclerosis (MS) look like? The answer is not simple. However, a new photo exhibit is challenging public perceptions about MS, and helping put the disease in focus. In doing so, the exhibit is meant to encourage those with symptoms of MS to seek early diagnosis and treatment.

The exhibit, called "The Image of MS," was photographed by famed photographer Joyce Tenneson and was recently on display at New York City's Grand Central Terminal. According to Tenneson, the 27 photographs capture the "grace and courage in the everyday existence of people with MS."

The exhibit is slated to visit several hometowns of the participants and can also be viewed at ImageofMS. com. Symptoms of MS vary from person to person and can include fatigue, vision problems, weakness, numbness, tingling, stiffness, dizziness, loss of bladder control and slurred speech.

Among the 27 participants is Cindy Heitmann, 48, a native of Buffalo, N. Y., who more than a decade ago was diagnosed with MS after awakening one morning unable to move. Suddenly, the nurse of 20 years also became a patient. It took months of testing before doctors were able to finally diagnose her with MS.

Says Heitmann, who now travels the country encouraging others with MS to take control of their lives: "When someone looks at me, I want them to see me as a mom, as a wife, as a nurse, as someone who's positive and supportive and active. I don't want MS to stop me from doing anything."

"MS is a potentially debilitating disease, so we need to strive to diagnose and treat it earlier to help halt or slow the damage," said Barry G. W. Arnason, M. D., professor of neurology at the University of Chicago. "We need the public to be aware of the early symptoms and understand that treatments available today can help slow disease activity and help prevent the appearance of symptoms."

The "Image of MS" campaign is sponsored by Berlex, Inc., marketers of Betaseron®, a medication indicated for the treatment of relapsing forms of MS to reduce the frequency of clinical exacerbations. There is no cure for MS. The introduction of Betaseron in 1993 heralded a new era in the treatment of relapsing forms of MS. The most commonly reported adverse reactions for Betaseron are lymphopenia, injection site reaction, asthenia, flu-like symptom complex, headache and pain.

List building 101

The process of list building may best be defined as a worldwide Rolodex. You have information to share, but it’s hard to let people know about it if your ‘Rolodex’ is empty.

List building is the process of gathering email addresses for the purpose of sending information, offers and other marketing information to clients and potential customers.

It might be tempting to gather all the email addresses you have in your email account and place them on a list to receive your information. You might also think that purchasing an email list from an online source might help you build your list, but there is a much greater likelihood that you will be reported as a spammer if the recipients don’t know you and isn’t thrilled to receive email from you.

Building an organic list can take time, but you stand a better chance of actually connecting with a receptive audience.

You may find that list building is best achieved by providing site visitors with information gathering forms. An autoreponder can often manage the automated distribution of the information they seek, but the customer information is gathered and can be used to invite them to participate in redeeming money saving offers from you. Some forms include an ‘already highlighted’ box that indicates the individual wishes to receive future e-offers. The premise behind this is many customers do not look at every field in the form and may not uncheck the box when submitting their information.

No matter the method you use to gather names in your list building process make sure to honor requests to unsubscribe. If you manage the list manually make sure to remove the name quickly or risk a report of spam.

One way to grow your list is to make sure the information you deliver is targeted, above average and something the client will look forward to receiving. The content could be information or it could be a simple sales flyer, but by staying on target you will be more likely to connect with your client.

Don’t abuse your list by sending them a significant volume of email. Carefully plan each mailing and make sure it is strongly related to your core objectives. If you send too much - too often you may be perceived as only slightly better than those incredibly annoying forwards that we all delete from our email files.

List building is a proven method of devising solid contacts for online marketing, but make sure to avoid spamming techniques – the reputation of your online firm may be at stake.

Beat bad eating habits

The first step is to brace yourself for the challenge; it goes without saying that bad habits are hard go break. When you’re trying to eliminate something that has become a part of your life, you’re bound to encounter resistance, and see your willpower seriously tested. You’re in for a marathon—one in which that old addiction will tempt you at every step, trying to lure you back into that old vicious circle.

Slow down. People who eat faster consume more calories because their brain doesn't have the chance to recognize that the stomach is full. Instead of choosing finger foods that can be eaten quickly, always eat food from a plate with utensils. Salad is an excellent choice since the bulk of it fills you without ramping up the calories or clogging your arteries. Drink water throughout your meal.

Bad eating habits can ruin your life. They can turn you into a wild man at the table, force you to lose control, and influence you to make poor and unhealthy food choices that will eventually make you overweight and obese.

By torturing yourself too much, I just worry that you will eventually give up in all these funny tools and use both of your hands to eat instead! So, whether diet fork, diet spoon, chopsticks or teaspoon, at the end of the day, it is the will power that makes the difference when come to diet control.

Remove temptations. Keep food out of sight and store a minimum amount of food in kitchen cabinets and in the pantry. Never store your favorite foods. Keep on hand only those foods that require preparation before they can be eaten.

Do a little, not a lot. By cutting 500 calories per day for a week, you will have lost 3,500 calories, one pound a week—a nice, natural weight loss that won't freak out your metabolism. A good, brisk walk each day can cut out 250 calories, and skipping dessert (but not breakfast) can do the rest. Go slow and gentle: don't try to lose a lot of weight at once. Experiment with what you're willing to let go of: the Grande latte you usually enjoy at 10 AM; the buttery movie popcorn that's become a nightly habit. Target foods you don't especially love and stop eating them.

Rate your hunger. Ask yourself, "how hungry am I on a scale of 0 to 10?" 0 means you're starving—woe to anyone who gets between you and the fridge! 10 means you're so stuffed you can't eat another bite—you might explode! Eat when your hunger falls somewhere between 4 and 8; but stop eating when you feel you've reached 7 or 8.

Planning your food a day in advance ensures that when that emotion or a challenging time of day hits, you are not tempted by incompatible foods as you try to combat old habits. Plan your meals and ensure you have your trigger times well covered and plenty of food and/ or options all day long so that you no longer have to resist all those choices. When you do this, the old emotions and trigger times of day will still happen, the difference is you made the choice about your food intake yesterday when your emotions did not have a grip on you.

Enhance and fix you site for seo

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4 common problems on many websites are listed here. Find out why your SEO experience has not been up to par. Here are some useful advices to optimize your site for search engines.

Frames
Using frames in a website can simplify the web design work. Unfortunately, most search engine crawlers have trouble moving around a framed site and may fail in adding all your pages to the listing.

Sitemaps
Making a sitemap will make sure all the pages on your website are indexed by the search engines. If you own a dynamic website, you can use Google Sitemaps and XML to create a dynamic sitemap that will update along with the website itself.

Redirected Homepage
This is probably the most common mistake people make. All web server software has some way of telling which page is the default homepage for the site. If your homepage yourdomain. com redirects itself to yourdomain. com/anotherpage. html, then you need to change anotherpage. html to whatever file name your web server reads, most likely index. html or index. php. Why? Your domain name is what most people will link to from other websites. If your homepage isn’t exactly that domain name, you’re missing a lot of backward links that probably will boost your search engine rankings quite a bit.

Use META Tags for Duplicate Content
Many times search engines index same or similar products as duplicates, which results in the product page disappearing from the listing. To make your product unique from the other similar products out there, use the META tags to your advantage. Make sure you have a unique title, description, and keyword tag on every page of your site.

Should gold mining investors consider kilgore minerals

We wrote about Kilgore Minerals this past winter, because it holds prospective U. S. uranium properties. While studying the company, it became evident the company’s uranium would take a backseat to the company’s gold property in southern Idaho. We reviewed Robert Bishop’s commentary in his self-published Gold Mining Stock Report. Mr. Bishop is highly regarded as an astute junior gold stock picker, and his analysis is quite thorough. There is little doubt Bishop holds high esteem for Kilgore Minerals’ Chief Executive Norman Burmeister.

More importantly, the very successful Pinetree Capital (Toronto: PNP) has made a significant investment in Kilgore. Respectively, the Chief Executive and CFO, Sheldon Inwentash and Larry Goldberg, of both Pinetree Capital and heavily touted Mega Uranium (TSX: MGA), have personally invested in Kilgore Minerals. A recent Forbes magazine article took a swipe at both Mega Uranium and Pinetree Capital. Actually, it was more of a head butt. Pinetree Capital is back to trading above C$17/share, up from a year ago when it traded for less than $3/share. So the Forbes article was a non-event for Pinetree Capital. And their holdings in Kilgore Minerals, which reportedly are estimated at between 10 and 20 percent of the company, were passed by without notice.

Property History

Kilgore’s Idaho gold property has been explored since the 1930’s, when a gold discovery was made by the Blue Ledge Co. Nearly 50 claims were staked in 1982 and leased to a Kennecott subsidiary in the mid 1980s. Seven holes were drilled. By 1990, Placer Dome acquired the property and drilled 39 holes, more than 21,000 feet of drilling. A Pegasus joint venture drilled another 23 holes, nearly 10,000 feet of drilling, by 1994. Echo Bay earned majority interest in the property, by 1996, after having spent $3.5 million drilling 122 holes for more than 82,000 feet. In 1997, with the falling price of gold and troubles in the mining sector brought on by the Indonesia stock fraud, Bre-X Minerals, Echo Bay dropped its exploration ambitions on Kilgore – and shelved all of its exploration projects. In 1998, Latitude Minerals continued a modest exploration of a little more than 4,000 feet.

Near the bottom of the gold bear market, Kilgore Gold (a wholly owned subsidiary of Kilgore Minerals) acquired 100 percent ownership of the property. A new round of preliminary exploration identified new gold targets. By 2004, Kilgore Gold expanded the company’s property holdings to 3,000 acres. Has this property been drilled like Swiss cheese or does Norman Burmeister know what he is doing? It’s had nearly 200 diamond and reverse circulation drill holes, totaling more than 126,000 feet of drilling.

In an earlier interview with Burmeister, he told us, “I’m very excited about this project. It was a property that was very high on Echo Bay’s list.” Major companies have expended more than $8 million to define a modest, and possibly economic, resource. At least three different entities have established resource estimates on the Kilgore gold property. In 1996, Placer Dome reported 14.1 million tons, grading 0.04 ounces/ton and with a cut-off grade of 0.015, for a deposit of 561,000 ounces of gold. A year later, Echo Bay released a sectional estimate report showing 18.7 million tons, grading 0.029, for a total of 534,959 ounces of gold.

However, the only resource estimate approved by Canadian regulators (Kilgore trades on the Toronto Venture Exchange) is the Van Brunt/Rayner Technical Report, filed in October 2002, and which is compliant with National Instrument 43-101 (NI 43-101). This report showed about 7 million tons trading 0.031, with a 0.01 cut-off grade, for an indicated resource of 218,000 ounces of gold. The report showed an inferred resource, adding another 269,000 ounces of gold. This is close enough to the Placer Dome and Echo Bay estimates, but it is unlikely to be mineable unless Kilgore finds more gold.

During the 2004 drilling program, Norm Burmeister got the sniff of what might make this an attractive acquisition by a major gold company. “We are looking for a high grade feeder system,” Burmeister told us. In the previous drilling program, Burmeister got and encouraging intercept of 0.465 ounce per ton gold over 10 feet within a broader 170-foot zone of low-grade mineralization at 0.04 ounces per ton. On Tuesday, Kilgore Gold made its announcement it would commence its chase to find out if, indeed, there is an elephant discovery of gold on its property.

In an email to us, Norm Burmeister wrote, “The high-grade zone, called the “Elsa Zone”, was intersected at a core depth of 410 feet. It is important to note that this hole was drilled in an area that had never been drilled some 4650 feet from the resource area.” The Elsa Zone is located within the Dog Bone Ridge target area. Burmeister also pointed out, “There are no known workings in the area, and there is no known gold mineralization at the surface, thus making the Elsa Zone a true ‘blind discovery.’ Kilgore’s blind discovery in the Elsa Zone proves there may be some prospects in the very large Dog Bone Ridge target area.

Rationale

The purpose of the 2006 drilling program, Burmeister told us, is to determine “the true potential of the Dog Bone Ridge area target.” Niel Prenn, a professional engineer with Mine Development Associates of Reno, Nevada, completed a scoping level update of Echo Bay’s 1996 assessment of the project. He wrote, “The project appears to have reasonably attractive economics if the ‘potentially mineable material’ can be doubled at $375/ounce gold price.” Prenn saw the Kilgore project as one with a “large epithermal gold deposit.” This confirmed an earlier geological report by Stanton W. Caddey, who wrote in an October 2003 report, “Exploration potential at the Kilgore property for more than doubling the present gold resource with further exploration drilling is regarded as excellent.”

The encouraging drill hole in 2004 helped move this project to the current drilling program. “We believe the Dog Bone Ridge target area represents the core of the hydrothermal system that has generated the known low grade resource at Kilgore,” Burmeister speculated. That’s why he is drilling the Dog Bone Ridge target area. The first holes will be offsets to the promising 2004 discovery hole. “We don’t know the direction or dipping,” said Burmeister, asking “Which way does it go?” The first hole will help Burmeister orient the direction on the north side of the target. Burmeister told us, “The knowledge we hope to gain from the Elsa Zone offsets will be important in efficiently testing other Elsa ‘look-a-like’ definitive targets within the Dog Bone Ridge target area.”

Expectations

A drill campaign tends to intensify expectations. Share prices tend to rally higher, depending upon market conditions, during a drill campaign. The company hopes to drill about twelve holes, down between 500 and 800 feet, in the target area. The first hole may be encouraging, but the results from that hole function as an identifier for where to place the next drill hole. “The best target has never been touched,” said Burmeister, referring to the north side of the Dog Bone Ridge. As with many promising properties, they don’t always offer the easiest access. In this case, Burmeister’s expectant target on the north side of Dog Bone Ridge might only be accessed by helicopter, if that’s where he has to drill.

What happens if Burmeister is accurate in his assessment? If his favored Dog Bone Ridge target does represent the core of the hydrothermal system, then what will he have found? “As such, it represents an attractive high grade epithermal vein-type gold target,” Burmeister responded. “The successful interception of high grade gold during the 2004 program confirmed this interpretation.”

In 1980, Burmeister founded Bull Run Gold Mines, serving as Chief Executive and developing a successful Nevada gold mine. He arranged the IPO, which led to a NASDAQ National Market listing, and ran the company for eight years.

For thirteen years before that, he was the chief geologist for Silver Standard Resources. Burmeister discovered the Mill Creek orebody in Elko (Nevada), which moved that company forward. The property was subsequently sold to Freeport-McMoran. Burmeister also conceived for Silver Standard of a novel regional exploration program, covering 10,000 square miles in the Yukon over nearly unexplored territory. In a joint-venture with ASARCO, he helped discovery the Minto orebody in the Yukon. The copper-gold deposit is now going into production through Sherwood Copper.

After forty years in the mining industry, he hopes Dog Bone Ridge will add to his string of gold discoveries and corporate success stories.

The life insurance policy and what you need to know before you buy

Looking for a life insurance policy? Then, be careful... because life insurance is difficult to understand. It's easy to be conned into buying something under false pretenses.

Recently a prominent life insurance company together with several of its agents paid a huge fine because it permitted the sale of a life insurance policy disguised as a retirement plan.

Little attention was paid to what a life insurance policy is truly designed to provide.

Life insurance is not an investment for your benefit. It's guaranteed income tax-free cash paid to someone you designate in the event of your death.

If you deeply care for someone and want to protect them, then buying a life insurance policy makes sense.

Are you the primary bread winner in your family? Well, your lost income could have horrible consequences and jeopardize the ability of those you love to continue to enjoy their standard of living.

The only way to guarantee an immediate replacement of this money is with the intelligent purchase of a life insurance policy.

Notice I didn't say term life insurance, low cost life insurance, or whole life insurance.

Because to your loved ones... this doesn't really matter.

Over the years I've delivered millions of dollars of life insurance benefit to the families of deceased bread winners.

And no one has ever asked me what type of life insurance policy it was. They were just extremely grateful to get the money.

Term is the cheapest, but it's unlikely the death benefit will be paid since the life insurance policy will probably lapse before you actually die.

Right now the premium may seem cheap compared with other types. But what happens when you're older?

Term life insurance premiums can be level for a specific number of years, but when that number of years is up the price will skyrocket to a point you won't be able or willing to pay.

Whole life insurance provides a lifetime level premium until the policy is literally paid-up. This could be 10, 20 years ... or when you reach age 65, 85 or 100.

One type of life insurance policy is not necessarily better than another. But it's critical you understand what you are buying, how it works and your net cost.

After all, if the policy isn't in force when you die you have thrown your premium dollars right down a rat hole.

By the way, don't fall for that line about buy term and invest the difference. Anyone who cons you with this bunch of malarkey doesn't have a clue how to intelligently evaluate the purchase of life insurance.

You should consider universal life. This type of policy can guarantee the death benefit up to age 115... regardless of the performance of the underlying investment.

Although more expensive then term life insurance, universal life is far less costly than a typical whole life insurance policy.

But be careful because some universal life policies are sold by focusing on projected interest rates rather than contractual guarantees.

If you are considering the purchase of a whole life insurance policy from a mutual company that declares annual dividends, ask the agent for a hypothetical illustration using a dividend forecast at least one percent less the current rate.

In the past when long-term interest rates were higher, mutual companies credited very handsome dividends to their policies.

But today with long-term rates still depressed, it's unlikely a life insurance policy will perform as illustrated.

In summary, pay close attention to the guarantees of whatever life insurance policy you decide to buy. Also, make sure you know the credit rating of the life insurance company.

There is nothing wrong with term life insurance, but understand your options about converting to a permanent plan. This could be critical if you become uninsurable before the policy expires.

Remember... you may never get a second chance to make the right decision.

Law of attraction - 3 ways to make it easier

Perhaps you are one of the many people who have read all you can and tried everything to apply the law of attraction. Unfortunately you may also be among the many people who struggle with gaining any success in attracting what you truly desire. Attraction is really quite easy once you understand the fundamentals of it all.

Many of the ancient teachings on attraction were quite simple. They always consisted of deep training that took sometime for the practioner to develop over time. These days there are many teachings that aim to cure one or more dysfunction in the attraction process but truly most of these techniques are faulty for one reason. Those teachings emphasized too much on what you are doing wrong instead of simply teaching you what is already perfect within you.

As small as that switch may be it is in perfect alignment with the law of attraction. If you believe that you must fix one thing or another in order to apply the law of attraction you are already heading down the wrong path. Here are 3 tips for getting the best out of the law of attraction.

1. Impress your mind with the teachings of attraction for several days to several weeks first before you try to manifest anything. You must change your belief first before you can successfully attract what you want. You may try the techniques but if you are doubtful that they will work, then your success rate will drop.

2. Detach from the feeling of wanting. It may seem like a big contradiction to not want what it is you so deeply desire but wanting sends of a needy signal to the universe. NOW, this very moment is your point of attraction and the universe responds to what you are thinking and feeling NOW. SO if you are in a state of wanting, you are not in alignment with having what you want.

3. Take more time to day dream. The more you day dream the stronger and more familiar you will feel in working with your spiritual self. Most people fail to succeed in connecting with their desire because they do not give themselves enough time to enjoy living in their inner world. The more time spend with your vision the stronger it becomes. Monks and holy men who went into the woods to meditate for days and weeks knew the power of correct visualization. There knew the power in learning those techniques that opened portals to infinite power and so they were able to manifest with greater speed and success, which you can too.

Be informed when you purchase a computer

When you go online or look at ads for electronics stores, you will probably be able to find a computer that will be just right for you. There are many types and styles available on the market. You can find a computer that will take up a whole room in your house, while you can also find a computer that will fit into the palm of your hand! At a business, you will probably find a mainframe computer. In your workplace or at home you will normally find a desktop computer. In the airport, the person sitting next to you could be working on a laptop computer or handheld computer. So, when you find yourself looking for a computer for your own personal use, you know you will have a lot to choose from.

When looking for a home computer, nowadays called a personal computer, you will find it is made up of several parts. There will be a box sitting on your desk, black, gray or beige in color. This is your actual computer, containing everything from the microprocessor to the memory, the storage to the input/output devices. You can’t work with just the “computer” alone, though. There are accessories that go along with your computer like the monitor, keyboard, mouse and speakers. Other attachments you might find are printers and digital video cameras.

If you want to buy a computer, it is good to know that there are two separate categories of computers: PCs and Macs.

- A PC is a computer modeled after components and standards created by the IBM Company. A rather high percentage of all personal computers, shown at somewhere over 90%, are PCs. Some companies that sell PC computers are IBM, Dell, Compac, and Gateway.

- A Mac computer is a personal computer made by the Apple Company. MacIntosh was its most popular style of computer several years ago. The new IMacs are popular with die-hard Mac fans, although not as many people today use Mac computers as used to.

A personal computer in your home can be used for many things, including word processing chores, personal and business letter writing, financial records and planning, internet searching, photography, and many other types of functions like graphic design and publishing. For the younger crowd, a personal computer can also be used to listen to music, watch movies or play detailed video games.

The basic elements of your personal computer that you choose, like the processor, amount of RAM, floppy or CD-Rom disk drives, hard disk drive, sound card, speakers, monitor, modem and graphics card will be determined by what kind of computer user you plan to be. Heavy users of complex programs will need much more “stuff” on their computer than the average computer user. Once you’ve determined how much of everything you need, you will be able to calculate an average cost for the computer you want.

Start planning for an holidays at great hotels

Are you planning for a holiday this vacation? Numbers of resource are there to get the information of the hotel from all around the world which are operated by prestigious hospitality.

Hotels at holiday spots often provide a number of additional guest services such as a restaurant, a swimming pool or childcare and many of hotels have conference services and meeting rooms and encourage groups to hold conventions and meetings at their location. Some of them also have pub for the entertainment of youngters.

All around the world you find different cultures and traditions. Many hotels maintain their country values and try to be traditional according to their culture. Which one can be noticed in their food. These attracts visitor and they love to visit hotel again and again.

Let us find few types of hotels around the globe.

3 Star Hotels: 3 start hotels is low budget hotel as compared to other. People those who travel with their family and friends mostly go for 3 Star Hotel. you can find the best rate available for the date you travel. These hotels rates start from very low the only thing is that who little you will pay. Online sites helps to find the hotels to make it easy to choose the hotel you needs.

Luxury Hotels: Luxury hotels understand the finer points of hospitality and luxuries comfort. Luxury hotels are situated in some of the finnest location all around the globe. At luxury hotel you can experience your ordinary stay as an extraordinary stay.

LuxRes Hotels: LuxRes hotels are in a class of their own where you can enjoy the elegance and pampering for a price worldwide. Luxres hotels are not individual hotels, but rather directories or chain of luxury hotels.

Many hotels concentrate on guest service they take care of your arriving, dinning, car parking, travelling, pick up and drop, air transport and many other aspects. To make their guest feel more comfort and visit their hotel again and again.

Number of online sites provides you with all the hotels information like hotel location, charges and services which help to choose the hotel you needs. Number of hotels have their own websites where online booking facilty is provided to the customer. Hotel industry is wide area and you have to make a decision with which one you will go for holidays to enjoy fullest and have all the fun with your family and friends.

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Casino et football fsont ils bon m╨тnage

En effet, Casino 888.com sponsorisait le FC Toulouse et PartyGaming le FNCA de Nantes! Oui mais voila, c'йtait sans compter sur la Ligue Professionnelle de Football.

Dimanche dernier, sur les maillots du FC Toulouse, on retrouvait bien les couleurs du casino mais les signes ???.com. Qu'est ce donc ???.com me direz-vous. Il s'agit tout simplement de son sponsor Casino 888.com.

Pourquoi?

Alors que les joueurs ont pour obligation de porter les couleurs et le nom du casino, la Ligue professionnelle a, quant а elle, dйcidйe d'exclure les casinos de la publicitй et du sponsoring. D'oщ l'omission. Or, tout le monde l'aura compris le sigle ??? faisait bien rйfйrence au casino sponsor de l'йquipe.

La Ligue explique son refus. Du fait de l'arrestation de certains gйants de casinos en ligne depuis le mois de septembre, dont le derneir en date de Bwin arretй en France, la ligue se voit le droit d'interdire la publicitй, le sponsoring pour les paris en ligne.

Samedi, une autre йquipe, la FC Monaco a rencontrй le mкme problиme que le FC Toulouse lors de son match face au Mans. Un reprйsentant de l'йquipe explique que, sans cette alternative, le coup d'envoi du match n'aurait pu кtre donnй.

On se souvient encore des paroles de Jean-Luc Gripond, vice-prйsident du club nantais, "le FCNA a dйcidй de s'associer а un nouveau sponsor disposant: "premiиrement une dimension internationale, et notre football a besoin de partenaires de cette dimension, deuxiиmement un lien avec les nouvelles technologies, ce qui reprйsente pour nous le futur".

Qu'en est il aujourd'hui?

Un enquкte a йtй menйe ( voir notre article Bonnes Nouvelles pour les Casinos en Ligne).

Les paris sont monopole d'йtat en France et on pourrait penser que l'arrestation des cadres de BWin s'est opйrйe au bйnйfice de la Franзaise des jeux. Aussi, peu de temps aprиs, la Commission europйenne a dйcidй de s'intйresser de plus prиs а la question du monopole d'Йtat pour les paris et les jeux. La volontй de la commission est clairement affichйe, soit les Йtats membres les considиrent nйfastes pour leurs ressortissants et interdisent totalement les jeux en ligne, soit ils les autorisent et permettent aux sociйtйs comme 888.com d'offrir leurs services sur le marchй.

Quel cadeau offrir a vos employes

Les Soirйes Entreprises:

Marre des traditionnels restaurants sur des pйniches, ou dans des cabarets traditionnels pour essayer de contenter tout le monde? Pourquoi ne pas rйaliser alors organiser une journйe casino au sein de l'йtablissement.

Pour cela, rien de plus simple. L’option premiиre consiste а faire appel а des animateurs de soirйe casino qui, en plus d’apporter le matйriel, vous serviront de croupier pour l’ensemble de vos jeux pour prиs de quatre heures de rire et de dйtente. L'avantage, ces jeux resserrent les йquipes et permet de dйcouvrir la face cachйe de chaque employй.

Les cadeaux traditionnels:

1) Les Objets Publicitaires

On y retrouve du plus classique а la perfection du Hi-Tech tels les йquipements portatifs de tйlйphonie, les MP3, les DvX, lecteur CD, radio-rйveil, sans oublier les vкtements ou chapeaux personnalisйs, ou encore les cйlиbres stylos plume ou plus original, un livre sur le thиme professionnel de votre choix comme comment s'йpanouir au travail. Eux aussi on la part belle. On en trouve pour tous les budgets et pour tous les goыts. Ces derniers sont d'excellents supports publicitaires pour afficher la marque de votre entreprise. Bien que la plus part des personnes soit dйjа pourvues de ce genre d'accessoires, ces derniers restent banals.

Ce qui est sur d'atteindre votre but, ce sont tous les cadeaux de maroquinerie. En effet, sur le cuir, vous pouvez inscrire ou encrer votre logo d'entreprise discrиtement et кtre sur que l'employй l'utilisera. Cela va du simple portefeuille en cuir au porte-documents, sans oublier le confйrencier et le kit de voyage.

2) Pour Noel

Traditionnellement, l'entreprise se fixe sur des corbeille d'assortiments gastronomiques composйs de foie gras en boite, avec une mini bouteille de champagne et ou de vin. N'oublions pas non plus les boites de chocolat, re-designer pour l'occasion mais gare а la date d'expiration car combien d'employйs ont dйjа reзu un "chocolat empoisonnй" du fait de la pйremption?

Alors pourquoi ne pas innover? Pourquoi ne pas offrir а vos employйs des places de thйвtre, autre que celles proposйes par votre Comitй d'Entreprise. En prix de groupe, cela vous reviendra moins cher et pourrez profitez de cette йconomie en proposant par exemple un dоner gourmet dans la cantine redйcorйe pour l'occasion.

Ou encore, pensez aux articles de cuisine, l'art de la table, la salle de bain, autant de lieux "visitйs" rйguliиrement par les consommateurs, et oщ il est donc judicieux de vouloir "placer" des objets publicitaires а leur marques et messages. Citons aussi les outils de jardinage, les plantes, les sets de table, les horloges etc.

Autres Idйes Cadeaux:

D'autres idйes cadeaux sont prйsentes pour vos employйs. Tenez, par exemple le secteur de la bagagerie publicitaire, les t-shirts et casquettes personnalisйs qui sont de trиs bons supports pour afficher votre marque de maniиre bien visible.

Pour vous rendre encore plus original, pensez vacances. Quel est l'йlйment qui vous sera utile pendant vos voyages? Des jumelles? Pourquoi pas? Ou alors un rйfrigйrateur rйchauffeur? Un йquipement de volants et raquettes de badminton pour les remettre en forme?

Vous voyez les idйes ne manquent pas.